武漢科技大學(xué)專升本機(jī)械專業(yè)英語語法講義題型②

武漢科技大學(xué)專升本機(jī)械專業(yè)英語語法講義題型
②

三、時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)

（一）時(shí)態(tài)

1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)（1）表示經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作；
1.I get up at 7 o' clock in the morning. 2.I leave school for home at 6 every evening. （2）客觀真理，客觀存在，科學(xué)事實(shí)；
1.The teacher told us: the earth moves around the sun. 2.Shanghai lies in the east of China.

2. 一般過去時(shí)：兩種變化形式：在動(dòng)詞后加ed或不規(guī)則變化的動(dòng)詞；
在確定的過去時(shí)間里所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)：常用時(shí)間狀語：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等；
Did you go to Shanghai last week?

補(bǔ)充：used to/be used to （1）used to + do："過去常常"，表示過去習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，但如今已不存在；
Mike used to take a walk. （2）be used to + doing： 對(duì)……已感到習(xí)慣，或"習(xí)慣于"，to是介詞，后需加名詞或動(dòng)名詞；
1.Mike is used to taking a walk.2. He is used to taking a shower with cold water. （3）be used to do：被用來做……Leaves are used to fight enemies in Kong fu movies as the weapons.

---- Your phone number again? I _A__ quite catch it.

---- It's 69568442.

A. didn't B. couldn't C. don't D. can't

答案A. 本句雖沒有明確的時(shí)間狀語，但從語意上看出，在聽的時(shí)候沒有聽懂這個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去，因此應(yīng)用過去時(shí)。

一般過去式和過去完成時(shí)的對(duì)比：（1）過去完成時(shí)：過去的過去；
Before I came to Beijing, I had stayed in Shanghai.
① 一個(gè)句子里有兩個(gè)謂語動(dòng)詞，一個(gè)發(fā)生在前，一個(gè)發(fā)生在后，發(fā)生在前的用一般過去時(shí)，發(fā)生在后的用過去完成時(shí)；
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.
② 表示意向的動(dòng)詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用過去完成時(shí)表示"原本…，卻未能…"1.We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 2.We had thought that he would take part in the competition，but he didn't.

③ 虛擬語氣：若虛擬的現(xiàn)象與過去事實(shí)相反，則用過去完成時(shí)；
If you had come to my birthday party, you would have seen Yaoming.（虛擬語氣中可以用had+過去分詞，表示對(duì)過去事實(shí)的虛擬） 3. 一般將來時(shí) （1）shall/will, shall用于第一人稱，常被will 所代替;Which paragraph shall I read first？ （2）be going to +不定式，表示將來；
表示要發(fā)生的事情有了預(yù)先的計(jì)劃、準(zhǔn)備或有跡象表明要發(fā)生；
1.What are you going to do tomorrow? 2.What will you do this afternoon?（will表示純粹的將來）

（3）be +不定式：表將來，按計(jì)劃或正式安排將發(fā)生的事；
We are to/will discuss the report next Saturday. （4）be about to +不定式：意為馬上做某事，后面不可以接時(shí)間狀語；
He is about to leave for Beijing.

注意：（1）一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)有時(shí)也可表將來；
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.
① 趨向性動(dòng)詞come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來，主要用來表示在時(shí)間上已確定或安排好的事情。When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes.
② 在時(shí)間或條件句中，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來；
I'll write to you as soon as I arrive in Beijing.

（2）現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)也可表將來：通常用于口語，翻譯為打算……；
come, go, start, arrive, leave, stay等詞可以用進(jìn)行時(shí)表將來；

4. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用來表示之前已發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，其結(jié)果對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成影響。 （1）過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作發(fā)生到現(xiàn)在，剛剛完成；
（2）從過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，發(fā)生到現(xiàn)在，剛剛告一段落，但是后面會(huì)繼續(xù)發(fā)生；
1.I have just finished my homework. 2.It has rained for 3 days.

過去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別： （1）過去時(shí)表示過去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或單純敘述過去的事情，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作；
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)為過去發(fā)生的，強(qiáng)調(diào)過去的事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是影響。1.I came to Beijing in 1995.2.I have stayed in Beijing since 1995. （2）過去時(shí)常與具體的時(shí)間狀語連用，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常與段的時(shí)間狀語連用，或無時(shí)間狀語。一般過去時(shí)常用時(shí)間狀語：yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October…（具體時(shí)間）；
He had dinner with me yesterday.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常用時(shí)間狀語：for, since, so far…（長期的段時(shí)間）I have played basketball for 3 hours.

（3）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，動(dòng)詞一般是延續(xù)性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know；
He got married two years ago.過去時(shí)常用的非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等；
I have lived in Beijing for 10 years.

用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句型

（1）It is the first / second time…. that…結(jié)構(gòu)中的從句部分，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。

It is the first time that I have visited the city.

It was the third time that the boy had been late.

（2）This is the… that…結(jié)構(gòu)，that 從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí).

This is the best film that I've (ever) seen. 這是我看過的最好的電影。

This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing. 這是我第一次聽他唱歌。

典型例題：---Have you ____ been to our town before?

---No, it's the first time I ___ here.

A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come

答案D. ever意為曾經(jīng)或無論何時(shí)，反意詞為never，此兩詞常用于完成時(shí)。 This is the largest fish I have ever seen. It is / was the first time +that-clause 的句型中，從句要用完成時(shí)。

since和for的用法： since 用來說明動(dòng)作起始時(shí)間，for用來說明動(dòng)作延續(xù)時(shí)間長度;1.I have lived here for more than twenty years.2.I have lived here since I was born. for后面多接一段時(shí)間，而since后面則接一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)，若since后面也出現(xiàn)時(shí)間段，則在時(shí)間段后加ago；
I have lived here since twenty years ago.錯(cuò)句：I have worked here since many years.

since句型：It is +一段時(shí)間+ since從句，since從句要用一般過去時(shí)；
1.It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.2.It is three years since I joined the army.

5. 進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)：一般進(jìn)行時(shí)，過去進(jìn)行時(shí)，將來進(jìn)行時(shí)；
6. 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：have/has+been+doing：現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別：1.It has rained for 3 days. 2.It has been raining for 3 days.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)不強(qiáng)調(diào)某一動(dòng)作在某段時(shí)間內(nèi)持續(xù)發(fā)生；
現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示某一時(shí)間段內(nèi)某動(dòng)作持續(xù)發(fā)生。1.I have been learning English for 5 years.2.I have been learned English for 5 years.

（二）語態(tài) 一般 進(jìn)行 完成 現(xiàn)在 am/is/are+過去分詞 am/is/are+being+過去分詞 have/has+been+過去分詞 過去 was/were+過去分詞 was/were+being+過去分詞 had+been+過去分詞 將來 will+be+過去分詞 被動(dòng)語態(tài)基本形式：be+動(dòng)詞過去分詞；
1.Forest have been cleared.3.They were given a warm send off.3.Their wedding will be held in the church.不強(qiáng)調(diào)施動(dòng)者，而只強(qiáng)調(diào)受動(dòng)者；
The book was written 20 years ago.

1. The commission has already cleared the way for overseas firms to use IFRS when doing business or listing securities in America證券委員會(huì)已經(jīng)為海外公司在美國做生意或者上市時(shí)候使用國際財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表準(zhǔn)則掃清了道路。

2. create something from scratch.白手起家

四、真題舉例：

1.Despite the hardship he encountered, Mark never______________(放棄對(duì)知識(shí)的追求).

分析：give up/abandon/quit the pursuit of knowledge或者gave up/abandoned/quit the pursuit of knowledge

2.The study shows that the poor functioning of the human body is_______(與缺乏鍛煉密切相關(guān)) 分析：is+doing/形容詞：be closely related to：the lack of exercises：缺乏鍛煉；
is closely related to the lack of exercises

3.Through the project, many people have received training and______________(決定自己創(chuàng)業(yè)) 分析：have received：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)；
decided to：決定；
創(chuàng)業(yè)：launch their own enterprise；
decided to launch their own enterprise

4. I can’t boot my computer now. Something must____（一定出了毛?。﹚ith its operating system.分析：出了毛?。簅ut of control；
Something must be out of control/wrong with…

五、定語從句： eg：I know the girl. The girl comes from Beijing. I know the girl who comes from Beijing.步驟1.找到兩個(gè)句子中相同的名詞；
2.將兩個(gè)名詞中的一個(gè)進(jìn)行替換，若是人，用who替換；
若是物，用which替換；
that既可以指人，又可以指物；
3.將who 或which引導(dǎo)的句子放在相同名詞之后；
eg：I like reading books. The books were written by O Henry. I like reading books which were written by O Henry.

eg：I planted a tree. The tree is taller than the house. The tree which I planted is taller than the house.

1. who/that/which所引導(dǎo)的句子必須放在相同名詞之后；
eg：The teacher prized the boy. The boy is my neighbor. The boy who the teacher prized is my neighbor.

eg：This is the book. You are looking for the book. This is the book which you are looking for. eg：This is the book. You are interested in the book. This is the book which you are interested in.

2. 謂語動(dòng)詞（結(jié)構(gòu)）和后面的介詞有兩種關(guān)系：關(guān)系緊密＆關(guān)系疏遠(yuǎn)；
關(guān)系緊密：謂語結(jié)構(gòu)和介詞合成在一起，聯(lián)系緊密，不可分割，一旦分割意思就會(huì)發(fā)生改變；
look for, be interested in , look after, look at 定語從句中如果謂語結(jié)構(gòu)和介詞關(guān)系緊密，則介詞必須保留在謂語結(jié)構(gòu)的后面，不能做任何位置的改動(dòng)；
如果謂語結(jié)構(gòu)和介詞關(guān)系疏遠(yuǎn)，介詞一般提到which/who/that的前面；
eg: This is the book which you are looking for. This is the book which you are interested in. This is the book in which you are interested. This is the book which you asked for.

3. 關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞： eg：Beijing is the place. I was born in the place. Beijing is the place which I was born in. Beijing is the place in which I was born. 定語從句中，如果介詞+which表示地點(diǎn)，則可以用where替換；
Beijing is the place where I was born. eg: I can't forget the day. I join the army on the day. I can't forget the day which I join the army on. I can't forget the day on which I join the army. I can't forget the day when I join the army.

判斷： This is the mountain village where I visited last year. This is the mountain village in which I visited last year. This is the mountain village which I visited in last year.正確： This is the mountain village which/that I visited last year.

4. 判斷關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的方法：（1）不管是關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞，都取決于從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞。若該謂語動(dòng)詞為及物動(dòng)詞，則一定使用關(guān)系代詞；
若該謂語動(dòng)詞為不及物動(dòng)詞，且其后沒有介詞，則一定使用關(guān)系副詞；
eg：I will never forget the days when I worked together with you. 錯(cuò)：I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside. 對(duì)：I will never forget the days which I spent in the countryside.

（2）通過判斷先行詞在定語從句中的成分 eg：Is this the museum （that ） you visited a few days ago?（the museum：充當(dāng)visit的賓語）Is this the museum ( in which/where ) the exhibition was held?

關(guān)系代詞：前面句子里的先行詞也要在后面的句子里充當(dāng)主語或者賓語的成分；
介詞+which，恰好表示時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)，可以替換成when，where這樣的關(guān)系副詞；

5 限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句

(1)非限定性定語從句：先行詞（即名詞）后有一個(gè)逗號(hào)；
In our school，there were 8 foreign teachers who come from Australia.（限定性定語從句）In our school，there were 8 foreign teachers，who come from Australia.（非限定性定語從句）限定性定語從句：定語從句和關(guān)系詞關(guān)系非常緊密，刪掉定語從句后，整個(gè)句子意思會(huì)改變；
非限定性定語從句：定語從句和關(guān)系詞關(guān)系不是很緊密，刪掉定語從句后，整個(gè)句子意思不會(huì)改變，定語從句只起到補(bǔ)充說明的意義；
eg：This is the house which we bought last month.

This is the house, which we bought last month.

（2）非限定性定語從句：

①先行詞是前面的整句話；
eg: He won the first place in the competition, which is out of our expectation. We will spend the Spring Festival in Guangzhou, which was decided last year.

This is the house, which we bought last month.

② 非限定性定語從句：which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句只能放在后面，as則只能放在句子前面；
eg: Smoking is harmful to our heath, which we know. 錯(cuò)：Smoking is harmful to our heath, as we know. 對(duì)：As we know, smoking is harmful to our heath. eg：Alice received an invitation from her boss（ D ） came as a surprise . A. It B. that C. as D. which

As用法：As far as the laws of mathematics refer to reality, they are not certain; as far as they are certain, they do not refer to reality就數(shù)學(xué)規(guī)律能涉及現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中而言，他們是不確定的，就他們的確定性來說，他們就不能涉及到現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中As of this month, police will fine people who feed the pigeons從這個(gè)月開始，警察將對(duì)那些喂養(yǎng)鴿子的人罰款A(yù)s it nears the place it can evolve the most from, it lingers當(dāng)接近了能從中進(jìn)化最多物質(zhì)的位置時(shí)，它徘徊不前了He is so careful as not to say anything ambiguous他總是小心謹(jǐn)慎，從不說任何引起歧義的話Pressure for higher pay in China, as long as it reflects higher productivity, is a feature, not a bug只要是反映了更高的生產(chǎn)率，中國要求加薪的壓力就是一項(xiàng)“功能”，而非缺陷As soon as any beneficial mutations arise, natural selection will favour its spread任何有利的變異一出現(xiàn)，自然選擇就將有助于變異的散布Still, they need to commit to strong measures at home and agree to stand behind those commitments just as the developed nations must stand behind their own盡管如此，它們需要承諾在國內(nèi)采取強(qiáng)有力的措施，并同意兌現(xiàn)這些承諾，就象發(fā)達(dá)國家必須言而有信一樣Although modesty is natural to man(Natural as modesty is natural to man), it is not natural to children. Modesty only begins with the knowledge of evil謙虛是對(duì)成人而言是很自然的事情，但對(duì)孩子卻不是。謙虛始于對(duì)邪惡的認(rèn)識(shí). She worked as though her life depended on it她工作的態(tài)度就像她依靠它生活A(yù)s for the economy, the road back to health will be long and painful至于經(jīng)濟(jì)，恢復(fù)健康的道路將是漫長而又痛苦的That is why this idiom is used to describe ideas that are not realistic, as if they are dreams or fantasies那就是為什么這個(gè)習(xí)語是用來描述不切實(shí)際的想法的，那些（想法）就好像做夢(mèng)和幻想一樣But it will take more than a year for the world as a whole to recover from the food crisis of 2008但世界作為一個(gè)整體將仍需一年多的時(shí)間才能從2008年的糧食危機(jī)中恢復(fù)過來As such, the Chinese market offers further upside potential and could catch up with the gains of the other markets this ye就這一點(diǎn)而言，中國股市仍具進(jìn)一步上漲潛力，其漲幅也可能在今年趕上其它市場As such, the US may find it more difficult to operate like a large closed economy at a time when it has become a more open economy that is losing its size advantage gradually如此一來，美國可能會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)自己更難像一個(gè)封閉的大型經(jīng)濟(jì)體那樣運(yùn)作，因?yàn)槿缃袼呀?jīng)變成了一個(gè)更為開放的經(jīng)濟(jì)體，其規(guī)模優(yōu)勢(shì)正逐漸喪失An intelligent virus would need to be able change its functionality as well as its appearance一個(gè)智能病毒應(yīng)該可以把改變自己的功能做的跟改變外表一樣好You may as well use another method你還不如用另一種方法But as the storm passes, the weaknesses become ever more evident然而，隨著風(fēng)暴過去，美元的疲軟變得更加明顯As some export industries shrink, new service industries will be needed to create jobs隨著出口行業(yè)的萎縮，需要新興的服務(wù)業(yè)來創(chuàng)造工作機(jī)會(huì)As his new company grows, his biggest challenge will be finding the right people for key roles隨著新公司日益壯大，他最大的挑戰(zhàn)將是物色關(guān)鍵職位的恰當(dāng)人選As the organization evolved, so, it seems, did the founder prepare the firm for his succession因此，隨著組織的進(jìn)行，這位創(chuàng)始人似乎已為公司準(zhǔn)備了他的繼任As China moves up the value chain, it will export cheaper products in new industries, such as cars隨著中國在價(jià)值鏈上的攀升，他將出口更多更便宜的工業(yè)產(chǎn)品，比如說汽車As the economy recovers, some of those people will move out of their shared
③ homes and buy their own隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的復(fù)蘇，其中一些人將搬出與他人同住的房子而去買他們自己的房子These goals will change and expand as your business grows, but using the business plan as a tool can help you stay on track隨著企業(yè)的成長，這些目標(biāo)會(huì)改變，壯大，而利用商業(yè)計(jì)劃這個(gè)工具可以讓你的企業(yè)按著既定的軌跡發(fā)展But as China's power and capability increase, it may begin to rethink its attitude to the US military presence in its backyard但隨著自身權(quán)力和能力的增長，中國或許會(huì)開始重新思考對(duì)待自己“后院”中美國軍事存在的態(tài)度Since the end of 2001, US terms of trade have deteriorated by an eighth, as commodity prices have soared and the currency devalued2001年底以來，隨著大宗商品價(jià)格飆升和本幣貶值，美國貿(mào)易條件的惡化幅度已達(dá)八分之一International use of the renminbi will also rise as Chinese firms invest overseas and its government increases support to other countries隨著中國企業(yè)投資海外、中國政府加大對(duì)他國的支援力度，人民幣在國際上的應(yīng)用也將增加As ever more firms spring up to convert organic waste into diesel, gas and power, a shortage of trash and slurry will afflict some countries隨著越來越多的公司將有機(jī)垃圾轉(zhuǎn)換為柴油，沼氣和能源，一些國家將會(huì)受到垃圾和廢水短缺的影響Other officials say it is natural for China to develop its military as it grows into a big power, but they raise questions about a lack of transparency其他官員表示，隨著中國逐漸成長為大國，中國發(fā)展軍力是自然的，但他們對(duì)于中方缺乏透明度提出了疑問One fear is that as banks scale back their balance-sheets, firms that rely on bank loans will have to act in step, axing their spending to reduce debts一種擔(dān)心是隨著銀行縮小它們的資產(chǎn)負(fù)責(zé)表，這些依靠銀行貸款的企業(yè)也將緊跟銀行的步伐，削減它們的開支以減少負(fù)債This means its long-term prospects remain strong, although its trend growth rate will inevitably slow as its economy matures and its labour force starts to shrink這意味著，盡管經(jīng)濟(jì)的趨勢(shì)增長率必將隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)日益成熟、勞動(dòng)力開始減少而升幅放緩，但中國的長期前景依然強(qiáng)勁As the markets crashed and the recession rolled in, every promise stood, however ancient its provenance, as though nothing had changed and dealing with the crisis was a separate issue隨著市場崩盤，衰退顯現(xiàn)，所有承諾都沒有改變，不管其起源多么古老，好像一切都未曾改變，應(yīng)對(duì)此次危機(jī)是另外一個(gè)問題一樣Meanwhile, many cities will "move" to the countryside as the state frantically constructs new urban centres in the interior and as changing land use blurs the distinction between village and town與此同時(shí)，隨著國家在內(nèi)陸大舉建設(shè)新的城鎮(zhèn)中心，以及土地用途的改變使城鄉(xiāng)之間的差別變得模糊，許多城市將“搬到”農(nóng)村Although adolescence is often viewed by parents as a carefree period of life雖然青春期被父母認(rèn)為是一種無憂無慮的時(shí)期Although this is a serious subject, using this idiom indicates a kind of humor as well雖然這是個(gè)嚴(yán)肅的話題，使用這個(gè)習(xí)語同樣還有可能是一種幽默的表達(dá)As pleasant as they are, one issue with predictable pleasures is that they run together雖然令人愉快，但是可預(yù)測(cè)的快樂活動(dòng)中的一個(gè)問題是它們一起進(jìn)行Mr. Meles says it will grow this year by 10%, though the IMF's figure is about half as big梅萊斯說，今年經(jīng)濟(jì)增幅將達(dá)10%，雖然國際貨幣基金組織（IMF）預(yù)測(cè)的數(shù)字只有他說的一半He would be classified as rich by Chinese standards依照中國的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，他會(huì)被歸于富有一類Brush at least once daily or as directed by a dentist or physician每天至少刷牙一次，或依照牙醫(yī)或醫(yī)生指示的次數(shù)刷牙As envisioned by the FSA, the banks will have to meet three requirements依照FSA的設(shè)想，各銀行必須滿足三個(gè)要求As requested, we are sending you detailed information on our range of products依照您的要求，我們?yōu)槟某隽宋曳较盗挟a(chǎn)品的精致資料As for the reform of the RMB exchange rate system, the exchange rate of the RMB is determined by market supply and demand and with reference to a basket of currencies關(guān)于人民幣匯率形成機(jī)制的改革，我們匯率的形成是依照市場供求變化，并參照一籃子貨幣加以確定The insurer shall make compensation or payment according to the insured amount and according to the time limit for compensation or payment as agreed in the insurance contract保險(xiǎn)合同對(duì)保險(xiǎn)金額及賠償或者給付期限有約定的，保險(xiǎn)人應(yīng)當(dāng)依照保險(xiǎn)合同的約定，履行賠償或者給付保險(xiǎn)金義務(wù)As a matter of fact, the security committee established by Resolution 661(1990) to oversee the strict implementation of the sanctions regime has not to date reported any violations of the sanctions事實(shí)上，安全委員會(huì)，就是依照決議661（1990）號(hào)成立、用以監(jiān)督嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行該制裁體制的委員會(huì)，迄今為止還沒有報(bào)導(dǎo)過違反制裁的情況I will pray for guidance, and I will pray as a salesman我要祈禱，以一個(gè)推銷員的身份來祈In my capacity as Dean of the Department, I regard it a pleasure to give you my opinion on him我以系主任的身份在此向你提供我對(duì)他的看法I have as much gold as silver我擁有的金子和銀子同樣多Such people as you describe are rare now你描寫的這種人現(xiàn)在已很少見了But having two companies in competition is not as good as having 10 or 20但是有競爭的二家公司不同樣地當(dāng)做有10或20很好Similarly, a warm milky drink at bedtime works very well as milk is high in tryptophan（色氨酸）同樣地，在睡前喝一杯富含色氨酸的溫牛奶也是非常有效的As machines did more and more work, people did less and less因?yàn)闄C(jī)器做了越來越多的工作，而人們做的越來越少

(3)that和which的區(qū)別：
①什么時(shí)候不能用that，只能用which：非限定性定語從句中，即逗號(hào)之后:.The tree, (which) is 400 years old, which is very famous here. (不能用that);介詞后面不能用that，只能用which :We depend on the land, from which we can get our food.(不能用that)

但有一種情況：in that：表示因?yàn)椋?br />In respect that behind the prosperous of contemporary art market is the collusion and cooperation among galleries, auction houses, collectors and so on因?yàn)樵诋?dāng)代藝術(shù)市場火暴的背后是畫廊、拍賣行、收藏家等群體的共謀與合作

（4）什么時(shí)候不能用which，只能用that：
① 前面的先行詞是不定代詞，包括all，anything，nothing，the one， much，little等;1.Have you taken down everything that Mr. Lee has said? 2.Of all his books this is the one I like best在他全部書籍中間，這本書是我最喜歡的3.In salary negotiations, the one who mentions money first loses在薪資協(xié)商中，第一個(gè)提到錢的人就是輸家A realistic appraisal of the task ahead is therefore timely, and a businesslike approach is the one most likely to succeed因此，提前對(duì)這項(xiàng)任務(wù)進(jìn)行切實(shí)可行的評(píng)估是適時(shí)的，而有條不紊的方法則最可能成功Sounds like "secure attachment" is the one to look for看來我們真正需要的應(yīng)該是安全型依戀If you cannot win, make the one ahead of you break the record就算你不能贏，也要努力使你前面的一個(gè)人打破記錄Further said that his invention on the one hand to realize the value of life更進(jìn)一步說，他的發(fā)明一方面實(shí)現(xiàn)了自己的人生價(jià)值Because confidence includes so many of these other characteristic, it may just be the one major thing women look for in a man因?yàn)樽孕虐巳绱硕嗟钠渌蛩?，所以是女人從男人身上要尋找的一件很重要的東西
② 如果先行詞中出現(xiàn)了the only, the very等；
This is the only way that we can think out. Our marriage was a cover from the very beginning我們的婚姻從一開始就是為了掩飾Some people think the very nature of virtual worlds can inspire bad behavior一些人認(rèn)為虛擬世界的性質(zhì)將會(huì)激發(fā)一些惡意行為
③ 如果先行詞中出現(xiàn)了序數(shù)詞和形容詞最高級(jí)；
This is the best film that I have ever seen.
④ 如果先行詞中即有人，又有物；
They are talking about the school and the teachers that they visited yesterday.

例：Medical researchers are painfully（費(fèi)力地）aware that there are many problems (他們至今還沒找到答案）. They haven’t found solutions/answers to these problems. There are many problems which they haven’t found solutions/answers to.

例：（與我成長的地方相比），this town is more prosperous and exciting. Compared with the place in which/where I grew up,

例：（聽到他告訴我的消息），I couldn’t help laughing．Hearing the news which/that he told me,

例：Career experts say that one of the ways job seekers can stay safe while using the Internet to search out jobs is to conceal（隱藏） their identities.

當(dāng)先行詞中是the way的時(shí)候，后面的連接詞可以用that，可以用which和in which，甚至可以不填；
I saw the way you looked at me at the wedding, And I see the way that you're looking at me now

I think I'd rather... have you hate me Than feel sorry for me我看到你在婚禮上看我的眼神了，我也看到你現(xiàn)在看我的眼神。我更愿意讓你恨我,也不愿讓你可憐我。The way (in which) he did it attracted me他做這件事的方法吸引了我This is the way most vehemently recommended by teachers這就是老師們極力向我推薦的方法The way we look at privacy protection will need to be overhauled我們看待隱私保護(hù)的方法也將需要徹底改變There's something wrong with the way you operate. Maybe we can do better你經(jīng)營的方式有毛病，我們接管過來也許可以改進(jìn)一下She obviously has a lot of problems, and her eating disorder could be the way she tries to maintain some control over her life很明顯，她有很多問題，她不按規(guī)律吃飯的原因很可能就是她想努力去控制她的生活的一種方式Y(jié)ou probably know that the way to stronger muscles is a weight or resistance training program, but do you know how weight lifting increases strength? 你或許知道要擁有強(qiáng)壯肌肉的辦法是通過重量或者阻力訓(xùn)練計(jì)劃。但是你知道舉重是如何增加力量的嗎？A worldwide debate is under way on the future of globalization and capitalism, and its resolution will define the world markets and the way we live for decades to come現(xiàn)在整個(gè)世界都在討論全球化和資本主義制度該何去何從，其結(jié)論足以決定未來幾十年全球市場發(fā)展和我們的生活方式”。 But a new study finds that the way children understand their own body movement actually depends on their culture. The research will appear in the journal Current Biology不過一項(xiàng)新的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，兒童感受他們身體運(yùn)動(dòng)的方式實(shí)際上取決于他們文化。這項(xiàng)研究將發(fā)表在《當(dāng)代生物學(xué)》雜志上Just as important is the question of whether a new project fits in with the way Cisco sees the network, be it within a company or at home: as a platform for all kinds of applications而另一個(gè)同樣重要的問題就是，新項(xiàng)目是否符合思科看待網(wǎng)絡(luò)的方式：即無論是面向公司還是家庭，思科眼中，網(wǎng)絡(luò)是所有應(yīng)用程序的平臺(tái)At some moments in this crisis it has shown the way—by agreeing to supply dollars to countries that needed them, and by guaranteeing the contracts of European banks when it rescued a big insurer在這次危機(jī)的某些時(shí)刻，美國顯示出了這一做法，同意提供美元給需要的國家，而且當(dāng)歐洲的銀行在援救一個(gè)大保險(xiǎn)公司的時(shí)候，擔(dān)保它們的合約

六.名詞性從句

名詞性從句：主語從句、賓語從句、補(bǔ)語從句及同位語從句；
定義：在句子中起名詞作用的句子，且在句子中能擔(dān)任主語、賓語、表語、同位語、介詞賓語等成分；

（1）同位語從句：對(duì)前面名詞的進(jìn)一步解釋 eg：I know the man, the president of the New Oriental School. 英語中的簡單句：陳述句、一般疑問句、特殊疑問句。 eg：He is a student. Are you a student? Who is a student? 同位語從句：關(guān)系詞不再和前面的名詞有關(guān)系，而是取決于后面的從句；
eg：I know the fact. He is a student. I know the fact that he is a student.

eg：I have a question. Are you a student? I have a question whether you are a student. I have a question who is a student.

I have no idea when he will come back.

注意：從句仍然接在名詞之后，名詞有可能為answer，belief，concept，explanation，fact，hope, message, news, promise, prove, question, thought等，后面可以接同位語從句；
形式：名詞+從句；
連接詞取決于后面的從句是什么樣的形式；
1.如果是陳述句，直接加that引導(dǎo)；
I know the fact that he is a student.；
2.一般疑問句：先把一般疑問句變成陳述句語序，然后在其前加上whether或者if；
I have a question whether you are a student.3.特殊疑問句：直接保留特殊疑問詞，后面的句子變成陳述句語序；
I have a question who is a student. eg： The news soon spread the whole school. They had won the game. The news that they had won the game soon spread the whole school. The news that they had won the game came. News came that they had won the game.

eg：Information has been issued. More middle school student will be admitted to universities. Information that more middle school student will be admitted to universities has been issued. Information has been issued that more middle school student will be admitted to universities.

eg：The question was answered by the family doctor. Whether we should send for an specialist.The question whether we should send for an specialist(專家) was answered by the family doctor.

同位語從句的形式和定語從句的形式相似，兩者最大的區(qū)別在于同位語從句的功能在于對(duì)前面的名詞進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步的解釋，定語從句的功能在于對(duì)前面的名詞進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步的修飾和限定；

1.如果關(guān)系詞為weather，how, what, 一定是同位語從句；
2.如果名詞前的關(guān)系詞為when, where, why，若when前面的名詞是地點(diǎn)，where前面的名詞是時(shí)間，why 前面的名詞是原因，那么一定是定語從句；
若when, where, why前面不是地點(diǎn)、時(shí)間和原因，那么是同位語從句；
3.如果關(guān)系詞為which，則通過中文翻譯進(jìn)行區(qū)分；
若which能翻譯成哪一個(gè)，則一定是同位語從句，若不能，則為定語從句；
4.如果關(guān)系詞為that，則需要對(duì)句子進(jìn)行成分分析來判定；
如果that在句子中充當(dāng)成分，則是定語從句，否則即為；

eg：The suggestion that she should stay in the room is good.（同位語從句） The suggestion that she has given in the meeting is good. （定語從句）

例：The fact that ordinary citizens are now starting to think seriously about the nation's moral climate, says this ethics professor at the University of Chicago, is reason to hope that new ideas will come forward to improve it.

(2) 賓語從句:從句部分的連詞取決于從句是一般疑問句、特殊疑問句還是陳述句；
eg：We must find out who did all these. I want to know whether he will come. I hope that he will come.

① 賓語從句的時(shí)態(tài)：如果賓語從句前的動(dòng)詞是過去式，則賓語從句的時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)相應(yīng)變成過去時(shí)態(tài)；
Todd Park, a local detective, said the method has helped him learn more about an unidentified woman whose skeleton（骨骼） was found near Great Salt Lake.如果賓語從句是客觀事實(shí)或真理，不管賓語從句前的動(dòng)詞時(shí)什么時(shí)態(tài)，賓語從句都用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)；
The teacher told us that the earth is round.

② 賓語從句后接陳述句，用that引導(dǎo)，則that一般可以省略；
I think（that）you are right.

③ 賓語從句如果謂語動(dòng)詞是doubt，后面接的一般疑問句通常用weather或if引導(dǎo)；
1.I doubt whether he is telling the truth.2. I doubt if such a foreign custom will take root among these people我不能肯定這樣的外國習(xí)俗是否會(huì)在這些人之間生根如果前面的謂語動(dòng)詞是don't doubt，則后面從句的連接詞一定是that；
I don't doubt that he is telling the truth 賓語從句如果謂語動(dòng)詞是wonder，句型為I wonder if，后面的連接詞不能用weather；
I wonder if we can tell, just by looking at it. 我懷疑我們光看照片是否可以分辨日落或是日出Soon it will no doubt be possible to say with confidence who the perpetrators were毫無疑問，我們很快就可以滿懷信心地說恐怖襲擊者是誰了I felt now, without a doubt, that I had experienced her birth pains, and part of her trauma, too毫無疑問，我感到自己經(jīng)歷了她生育的陣痛，還有一部分她受到的損傷John is such a know it all when it comes to history. I wonder if he majored in history, or if it's just his hobby當(dāng)談到歷史方面的內(nèi)容時(shí)，約翰真是無所不知。我很想知道他是否專修過歷史，或者僅僅是他的業(yè)余愛好

④賓語從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移：(1).think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine等動(dòng)詞后面賓語從句的否定詞轉(zhuǎn)移到主句中，即主句的謂語動(dòng)詞用否定式，而從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用肯定式；
1.I don't think I know you. 2.I don' t believe he will come. I don't think Father will fancy living an idle life that. 我想祖輩們沒有想象過要過那種閑散的生活，"I cannot imagine that this would be unsolvable, " said a fund manager based in Shanghai“我很難想象這個(gè)問題會(huì)無法解決，”駐上海的一位基金經(jīng)理表示So can we expect a credit boom in Germany? 那我們能夠指望德國出現(xiàn)信貸繁榮嗎？We cannot expect that all nations will adopt like systems我們不能指望所有國家都采納相同的制度I suppose choosing the right project is the key point我估計(jì)選擇合適的項(xiàng)目是個(gè)關(guān)鍵。

(2).將seem, appear 等后的從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移到前面。1.It doesn't seem that they know where to go. 2.It doesn't appear that we'll have a sunny day tomorrow.

（3）表語從句 構(gòu)成方式：1.若從句為陳述句，直接加that；
2.若從句為特殊疑問句：直接保留特殊疑問詞，后面的句子變成陳述句語序；
1.China is no longer what she used to be. 2.The question is who is responsible for what has happened.3.若從句為一般疑問句：先把一般疑問句變成陳述句語序，然后在其前加上weather或者if；

（4）主語從句：主語變成一個(gè)句子，構(gòu)成方式：1.若從句為陳述句，直接加that；
2.若從句為特殊疑問句：直接保留特殊疑問詞，后面的句子變成陳述句語序；
3.若從句為一般疑問句：先把一般疑問句變成陳述句語序，然后在其前加上whether或者if；
位置：直接置于句首；
1.That the college will take in more students is true.2.Whether he will come or not hasn't been decided.3.Why he isn't here is not clear to everyone.

it 做形式主語的情況：（1）It is+名詞+主語從句；
It is a pity that you should have to leave.（2）It is+形容詞+主語從句；
It is clear that the whole project is due to failure.

如果是It is necessary/important/strange/natural+that引導(dǎo)的主語從句，從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞一定要用should+動(dòng)詞原形；
It is necessary that one should master the skills of operating computer.

（3）It is+過去分詞+主語從句；
It is said/planted/expected…It is said that President Bush will visit our school next week.（4）It is+不及物動(dòng)詞+形容詞表語形式+主語從句；
It seemed certain that he will win the prize.

七、 從句的判別和應(yīng)用
Weather she will come or not is unknown.（主語從句） It is unknown whether he will come or not.（主語從句） I don't know whether he will come or not.（賓語從句） The question is whether he will come or not.（表語從句） The question whether he will come or not is not settled.（同位語從句）1.__________(很多人沒有意識(shí)到的)is that Simon is a lover of sports , and football in particular .（what many people didn't realize）

2.It was very dark, but Mary seemed to__________(本能地知道該走哪條路)（know which way to take by instinct）

3.In my sixties, one change I notice is that _________________ (我比以前更容易累了).（I feel/get tired more easily than before）4.Global warming may or may not be the great environmental crisis of the 21st century, but- regardless of whether it is or isn't - we won't do much about it.

5.Because they usually receive the same score on standard examinations. There is often disagreement at who is the better student, Bob or Hellen？6.Your resume should attract a would-be boss's attention by demonstrating _____ (為什么你是某個(gè)特定職位的最佳人選). （why you would be the best candidate for a certain position.）

7.Since my childhood I have found that ________ (沒有什么比讀書對(duì)我更有吸引力).（Nothing is more attractive/appealing to me than reading）

八 狀語從句

狀語從句：兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的句子中間用一些含義不同的連接詞連接；
狀語從句用來表達(dá)兩個(gè)句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系；
分成原因狀語、條件狀語、結(jié)果狀語、時(shí)間狀語、地點(diǎn)狀語、讓步狀語、目的狀語、比較狀語、方式狀語等九大類型；
I got up late.I was late for school.1.Because I got up late, I was late for school. （原因狀語從句）2.I got up late，so I was late for school. （結(jié)果狀語從句）

1. 地點(diǎn)狀語：地點(diǎn)狀語從句由where, wherever，everywhere 引導(dǎo)；
1.Where I live there are plenty of trees.2.Wherever（no matter where） you work, you will gain much valuable experience as long as you are willing to work. 3.Everywhere they went, they were warmly received.where：不能翻譯成在……地方時(shí)，通常翻譯為如果，表示在……條件下；
1.Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成2.Where you are confident，you will succeed.3.Where previously the bank had concentrated on the big infrastructure projects , such as dams, roads and bridges，it begin to switch to projects which directly improved the basic services of a country.

2. 方式狀語從句：由as, as if, as though，the way, what引導(dǎo)；
1.Always do to the others as you would be done by.2.When enter Rome do as the Romans do.（1）as從句帶有比喻的含義，意思是"正如…"，"就像"；
As one chapter title puts it, to die poor is a sin這如同文中一章的題目所言，窮死是可恥的

（2）as if/though："仿佛……似的"，"好像……似的";有時(shí)用虛擬語氣，有時(shí)不用：They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed.（事實(shí)相反，用虛擬語氣。）1.He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lighting. （與事實(shí)相反，謂語用虛擬語氣。）2.It looks as if the weather may pick up(好轉(zhuǎn)) very soon.（實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性較大，用陳述語氣。）

3.It looks as if their core business is a solution to a non-existent problem似乎它們的核心業(yè)務(wù)是要解決一個(gè)根本不存在的問題

（3）the way：可以連接兩個(gè)句子，表達(dá)就像……一樣；
1.I should do the job the way my father did. 2.Many Europeans now apparently view the US. the way many Americans view Mexican as a cheap place to vacation, shop and party.

（4）what：就像，猶如句型：A is to B what C is to D；
Air is to man what/as water is to fish.It calls global warming an "inconvenient truth（不愿面對(duì)的真相）," as if merely recognizing it could put us on a path to a solution（找到解決的辦法.）

3. 目的狀語從句:可以由that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, in case等詞引導(dǎo)；
lest：以防；
從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞必須用should+動(dòng)詞原形；
1.He wrote the name down for fear that(lest) he should forget it.2.He took the umbrella with him lest it should rain.

in case：以防；
與lest不同，從句里的時(shí)態(tài)不做特殊變化；
2.Take the umbrella with you in case it rains.

for feat that：和lest保持一致；
A variety of activities should be organized so that participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to something else without feeling guilty(內(nèi)疚的) and without letting the other participants down.let…down…：1. Many who escaped said they felt let down by the authorities許多逃離家園的人認(rèn)為他們被當(dāng)局忽略了 2. Organizers say the summit comes at a time when much of the world feels let down by those in charge組織者說，現(xiàn)在大多數(shù)人對(duì)當(dāng)前的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者感到失望，而峰會(huì)正是在這樣的背景下召開的 3.Its expert researchers and analysts still continue in their work, but sometimes feel let down by what the leadership chooses to showcase其專家研究員和分析家繼續(xù)從事它們的工作，但是有時(shí)候會(huì)因?yàn)轭I(lǐng)導(dǎo)層所選擇展示的東西而感到失望.

4. 結(jié)果狀語從句：由so… that 或 such…that引導(dǎo)；
so保留，that可以省略；
如此……以至于……；
1.He didn't abide by the contract so that he was fined(罰款).2.He was so excited that he couldn't fall asleep.3.He made such an inspiring speech that everybody got excited.

比較：so和 such（1）so：so +形容詞、副詞+that；
so+形容詞+a/an+名詞+that；
1.The wind was so strong that we could hardly move forward.2.He runs so fast that I couldn't catch up with him.3.It was so hot a day that crops wilted.4.He is so lovely a boy that everyone loves him.

（2）such：such+a/an+形容詞+名詞+that 1.It was such a hot day that crops（農(nóng)作物） wilted（枯萎的）.2.He is such a lovely boy that everyone loves him.

5.比較狀語從句：than, as…as…，not so as…，（not) the same as, the+比較級(jí)；
1.Light travels fast than sound.2.Get your paper in when you can; the sooner, the better盡可能早交你的論文，愈快愈好 3.Girls are thus seen as less valuable than boys and art kept at home to do housework while their brothers are sent to school - the prophecy（預(yù)言) becomes self- fulfilling（自行實(shí)現(xiàn)）, trapping（使陷入） women in a vicious circle (惡性循環(huán)) of neglect.4. This winter, see if you can hear how the season transforms sound, as well as the scenery這個(gè)冬天看看你能不能聆聽到季節(jié)象改變景色一樣改變了聲音5. love is to be felt as well as known愛是要被感覺以及知道的6. After all the device is not so heavy as you think這個(gè)裝置畢竟不象你想的那么重7. This question is not so foolish as it may seem這個(gè)問題并不像它看起來那么愚蠢8. The latter speaker is not so good as the former最近的講演者沒有從前的那么好9. But economic power is not the same as political power但是經(jīng)濟(jì)力量與政治勢(shì)力不一樣10. Do they get paid the same as men? I mean, equal pay for equal work？她們得到與男人一樣的報(bào)酬嗎？我的意思是，同工同酬嗎？

6 時(shí)間狀語從句

（1）當(dāng)……的時(shí)候：while, when, as ；
1.when：強(qiáng)調(diào)一件事情正在發(fā)生的時(shí)候，另外一件事情突然發(fā)生；
When I was watching TV, my mother came back.2.while：強(qiáng)調(diào)兩個(gè)動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行，一邊……一邊……；
My father is cooking while my mother is reading newspaper.3.as："隨時(shí)間推移"；
As time went by, the days became longer and longer.

（2）一……就……：as soon as ,主將從現(xiàn)；
As soon as he comes back , I'll tell him the news（他一回來，我就告訴他這個(gè)消息），用directly，immediately, instantly連接兩個(gè)句子；
1.I went home directly(一…就) I had finished my work.2. When problems come, I was immediately affected by it (inferiority, worries, accusation…) and continue to see my current situation and my unworthy condition當(dāng)問題一來時(shí)我就馬上很容易被影響（自卑，憂慮，受控告…）而繼續(xù)看我現(xiàn)在的情況和我不配的條件；
一些名詞如the minute，the moment, the instant也可表示；
1.The book was an instant success in schools all over the country在全國的學(xué)校，這本書立刻取得了成功 2.I will write to you the moment/minute I arrived in Paris.；
no sooner… than, hardly… when后面的句子需要倒裝；
1.No sooner was the frost off the ground than the work began地上的霜一消散，人們就開始工作了2.Her parents had no sooner come than she rented a flat她父母一來，她就租了一套公寓3. No sooner said than done說到做到4. Hardly when I got ready to continue the topic I talked with my friend, the telephone rang! 就在我正準(zhǔn)備接著那個(gè)話題繼續(xù)和朋友聊天的時(shí)候，電話鈴響了。

（3）特殊單詞：by the time that, every/each time（使用時(shí)后面不要再加when）1.By the time that we act together到了該我們一起行動(dòng)的時(shí)候了2. By the time that happens, a storm is imminent一旦形成了云或雨后，就意味著風(fēng)暴即將來臨3. You look more beautiful each / every time I see you每次見到你，你都看起來更漂亮

（4）till＆until：
① 肯定形式表示的意思是"做某事直至某時(shí)"，動(dòng)詞必須是延續(xù)性的；
1.I slept until midnight. 2.Wait till I call you 否定形式表達(dá)的意思是"直至某時(shí)才做某事"，一般用until，動(dòng)詞為延續(xù)性或非延續(xù)性都可以；
She didn't arrive until 6 o'clock.

② Until可用于句首，而till通常不用于句首，通常用于句中；
eg: Until you told me, I had heard nothing of what happened.

注意：As you sleep you pass through a sequence of sleep states—light sleep, deep sleep and REM (rapid eye movement) sleep—that repeats approximately every 90 minutes.

7. 條件狀語從句：（1）連接詞：if, once, as long as, on condition that
① 如果引導(dǎo)的條件可以實(shí)現(xiàn)，主將從現(xiàn)；
1.I'll do it on condition that you pay for everything本人能夠做此事，條件是你得支付一切費(fèi)用2.If winter comes can spring be far behind 3.As long as it doesn't rain, we can play 3.You can go out on condition that（只要）you wear an overcoat

② 如果引導(dǎo)的條件和事實(shí)相反，則用虛擬語氣；

注意：Modern cars are far tougher（困難的） to steal, as（因?yàn)椋?their engine management computer won't allow them to start unless they receive a unique ID code beamed out（射出） by the ignition (點(diǎn)火) key（鑰匙）.

Given what had happened after Lehman's failure, only fools would have run this experiment考慮到雷曼破產(chǎn)后出現(xiàn)的情況，只有傻子才會(huì)進(jìn)行這樣的嘗試Provided that we get support from them, we will win the match假如我們能取得他們的支持，我們就能贏得比賽This is acceptable provided the pallet load itself is adequately identified假如托盤本身可以準(zhǔn)確地鑒定，這是可以接受的Provided bad feeling were full of your near, the living will be distress倘若周圍都是壞的感覺，生命豈能不煎熬Suppose that this path rose by 2% each year假設(shè)這條軌跡每年上升2% Suppose, though, that both companies have been lent money by the same troubled bank that is now calling in its loans然而，假設(shè)兩家公司都在從同一家陷入困境的銀行貸款，而這家銀行正要求收回貸款，那么情況又會(huì)怎樣？

8. 原因狀語從句：連接詞：because, since, as, for ，now that, in that, owing to, due to, thanks to, because of , as a result of;

比較：because, since, as和for

1）because語勢(shì)最強(qiáng)，用來說明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的問題。I didn't go, because I was afraid；
當(dāng)原因是顯而易見的或已為人們所知，就用as或 since。Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.

2）由because引導(dǎo)的從句如果放在句末，且前面有逗號(hào)，則可以用for來代替。He is absent today, because / for he is ill（As/since he is ill, he is absent today）但如果不是說明直接原因，而是多種情況加以推斷，就只能用for。He must be ill, for he is absent today.

(3)now that ：既然；
Now that this semester is finished, I am going to rest a few days and take a trip

(4)in that :因?yàn)?，通常只能放在句中，?qiáng)調(diào)重要的，唯一的原因；
Human beings are different from animals in that human can speak and think.

(5)owing to, due to, thanks to, because of , as a result of等短語后面只能接詞或短語，不能接從句；
Owing to his rich experience, his salary was very high由于他經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富，他的工資很高, Owing to unfavorable weather we were unable to proceed由于天氣不好，我們不能繼續(xù)前進(jìn), This is partly due to demand這部分是由于需求增大所致This could be due to inflation這個(gè)可能歸因于通貨膨脹This year firms have cut their hiring due to the economic crisis今年由于金融危機(jī)的影響，公司紛紛減少雇傭人數(shù)Thanks to the expansion of successful firms and the entry of new ones, however, many more jobs were created than destroyed可是由于那些成功企業(yè)的擴(kuò)張以及新企業(yè)的進(jìn)入，創(chuàng)造的工作機(jī)會(huì)多出了被摧毀的工作機(jī)會(huì)Human differ from animals because of their ability to speak and use tools人類和其他動(dòng)物不同， 在于他會(huì)說話和會(huì)使 用工具Productivity has risen over the decades, partly because of more capital per employee but also as a result of higher skill among workers生產(chǎn)率數(shù)十年來一直在增長，部分原因是平均每個(gè)雇員的資本投入更高了，但也是工人技能提高的結(jié)果

9. 讓步狀語從句

常見的連接詞有though, although，as, while, even though

區(qū)分though，although: Although/though he is a child, he can live by himself.as 表示雖然的時(shí)候，要進(jìn)行倒裝；
Child as/though he is, he can live by himself.注意：1.Although/though she works very hard, she makes very little progress.（Hard as she works, she makes very little progress.）2.Although/though she is young; she has travelled to many countries to put shows.（Young as she is, she has travelled to many countries to put shows.）

while：連接兩個(gè)句子，表示雖然，但是；
He is experienced while（雖然）he is young.

1.The anti-virus agent was not known (直到一名醫(yī)生偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)了它)until a doctor find it by chance.

2.I would prefer shopping online to shopping in a department store because __________（它更加方便和省時(shí)）it is more convenient and timesaving.

3.But since water is much cheaper than wine, and many of the fancier brands（更靚的品牌） aren’t available in stores, most diners don’t notice or care.

4. While there’s no question that continuous stress is harmful, several studies suggest that challenging situations in which you’re able to rise to the occasion（應(yīng)付自如） can be good for you.

九 從句的復(fù)習(xí)

復(fù)合句：定語從句、名詞性從句、狀語從句。(1)定語從句：

1. that，which，who的使用。一個(gè)句子當(dāng)中有兩個(gè)相同的名詞，將其中的一個(gè)名詞進(jìn)行替換，如果是人，用who；
如果是物，用which；
that既可以指人又可以指物。 2. 謂語動(dòng)詞（結(jié)構(gòu)）和后面的介詞有兩種關(guān)系：關(guān)系緊密和關(guān)系疏遠(yuǎn)；
定語從句中如果謂語結(jié)構(gòu)和介詞關(guān)系緊密，則介詞必須保留在謂語結(jié)構(gòu)的后面，不能做任何位置的改動(dòng)；
如果謂語結(jié)構(gòu)和介詞關(guān)系疏遠(yuǎn)，介詞一般提到which/who/that的前面；
介詞加which正好表示時(shí)間，可以表達(dá)成when；
表示地點(diǎn)時(shí)，可以表達(dá)成where；
表示原因時(shí)，變成why；
3. 限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句。限定性定語從句：定語從句和關(guān)系詞關(guān)系非常緊密，刪掉定語從句后，整個(gè)句子意思會(huì)改變；
非限定性定語從句：定語從句和關(guān)系詞關(guān)系不是很緊密，刪掉定語從句后，整個(gè)句子意思不會(huì)改變，定語從句只起到補(bǔ)充說明的意義；

（2）非限定性定語從句：He won the first place in the competition, which is out of our expectation.（As is out of our expectation, he won the first place in the competition）

(2)名詞性從句：主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句及同謂語從句；
形式：名詞+從句；
連接詞取決于后面的從句是什么樣的形式；
如果是陳述句，直接加that引導(dǎo)；
一般疑問句：先把一般疑問句變成陳述句語序，然后在其前加上weather或者if；
特殊疑問句：直接保留特殊疑問詞，后面的句子變成陳述句語序；
定義：在句子中起名詞作用的句子，且在句子中能擔(dān)任主語、賓語、表語、同謂語、介詞賓語等成分；
Yuminhong, the president of New Oriental School.

(3)狀語從句:兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的句子中間用一些含義不同的連接詞連接；
狀語從句用來表達(dá)兩個(gè)句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系；
分成原因狀語、條件狀語、結(jié)果狀語、時(shí)間狀語、地點(diǎn)狀語、讓步狀語、目的狀語、比較狀語、方式狀語等九大類型；

定語從句:名詞+關(guān)系詞+從句，關(guān)系詞的用法取決于名詞的問題；
名詞性從句：同謂語從句：名詞+關(guān)系詞+從句，關(guān)系詞跟后面的從句有關(guān)系，如果是陳述句，直接加that引導(dǎo)；
一般疑問句：先把一般疑問句變成陳述句語序，然后在其前加上weather或者if；
特殊疑問句：直接保留特殊疑問詞，后面的句子變成陳述句語序；
賓語從句：動(dòng)詞+關(guān)系詞+從句；
表語從句：系動(dòng)詞+關(guān)系詞+從句；
主語從句：關(guān)系詞+從句+謂語動(dòng)詞；
名詞性從句，其關(guān)系詞的來源取決于后面的從句的性質(zhì)。 狀語從句：完整句子1+邏輯關(guān)系詞+完整句子2；

如何區(qū)分定語從句和同謂語從句：whether，what，how接在名詞后面一定是同謂語從句；
關(guān)系詞是when ，where，why如果前面不是時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物，那么是同謂語從句；
如果是的話，則為定語從句；
如果見到which的話，which在句中翻譯成“哪一個(gè)”，就是同謂語；
翻譯不成“哪一個(gè)”就是定語從句；
that 就是看它在句中是否充當(dāng)成分，如果充當(dāng)成分就是定語從句；
不充當(dāng)成分就是同謂語從句；

1.Whether the plan is feasible remains to be proved.（主語從句）是否這個(gè)計(jì)劃是可行的仍然值得去考證。

2.I worry about whether he can pass through the crisis of his illness.（賓語從句）我擔(dān)心他是否能度過疾病的危險(xiǎn)期。

3.They are investigating the question whether the man is trustworthy(可靠的).（同謂語從句）

4.At time when hiring qualified people is becoming more difficult，employers who can eliminate invalid bias from the process have a distinct advantage.（定語從句）在雇傭合格人才變得越來越困難的時(shí)期，那些能夠在雇傭過程中消除站不住腳的偏見的雇主具有明顯的優(yōu)勢(shì)。

5.While（讓步狀語從句）even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when （時(shí)間狀語從句）they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page.在20世紀(jì)60年代之前，當(dāng)人們伏案寫作的時(shí)候，即使那些接受教育不多的人也會(huì)追求一種高雅的風(fēng)格，但是從那以后，即使是那些令人敬仰的文學(xué)作品也在追求一種口語的風(fēng)格。

6.About 45% of the world's population lived in the climate zone where mosquito transmit disease.全球45%的人口都生活在這樣的一個(gè)區(qū)域，這個(gè)地方的蚊子會(huì)傳播疾病。

7.He was an Asian American（who was）raised in a household where respectful zones in authority was show by averting your eyes.（定語從句）他是一個(gè)亞裔美國人，在他生長的環(huán)境當(dāng)中，避免與有權(quán)威的人對(duì)視是對(duì)對(duì)方尊重的一種表現(xiàn)。

十 as的用法

as在狀語從句中可以表示時(shí)間、原因、讓步；
as的基本使用情況：

1、as作介詞，表示作為，一般情況下后面只能接一個(gè)名詞；
1.She works as a doctor. 2.As a League member, I'll take the lead in everything.作為一名團(tuán)員，事事我都要身先士卒。2、as作關(guān)系代詞，as引導(dǎo)這樣的從句一般最好是放在句子的開頭；
The moon travels round the earth once every month which is known to everybody. As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. It is known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth once every month.

As we have seen，the focus of medical care in our society has been shifting from curing disease to preventing disease - especially in terms of changing our many unhealthy behaviors, such as poor eating habits，smoking and failure to exercise.

3、as 充當(dāng)連詞來構(gòu)成狀語從句；

① 時(shí)間狀語從句（當(dāng).....的時(shí)候），As the summer comes, the day becomes shorter and shorter.
②原因狀語從句（表示顯而易見的原因），和since 在用法上保持一致。As she was not feeling well, we all sold her to stay at home. 因?yàn)樗杏X到不舒服，我們都叫他留在家里
③讓步狀語從句，although 引導(dǎo)的句子可以轉(zhuǎn)換成as 的用法。1.Although she may fail.（Fail as she may.）2.Although the graph is simple.(Simple as the graph is.)3.Although he is rich, he doesn't have any friends.(Rich as he is, he doesn't have any friends.)

④方式狀語從句（就像....一樣；
正如....一樣）；
Do as the instruction says.按照說明書上的要求去做。He came as we expected. 他就像我們所期待的那樣來了。
⑤比較狀語從句:I'm as tall as you.

as短語：as long as只要；
such as例如；
as soon as 一....就......; so as to 為了；
as if 好像；
as though 好像；
just as 正如；
You can go where you like as long as you get back before dark你可以去你任何想去的地方，只要你在天黑之前回來。He talks as if he knew all about it.他談起這件事來就好像什么都知道似的。（as if 引導(dǎo)方式狀語從句，從句中常用虛擬語氣) It is just as I told you.情況正如我跟你說的一樣。（just as引導(dǎo)表語從句）。So it looks as though cheap money stopped markets taking all the medicine they needed因此，看起來好像是廉價(jià)資金阻止了市場服下它們所需的全部藥品。The information they swap should remain confidential, so as to protect sources and (legitimate) methods他們交換的信息需要保密，來保護(hù)來源和（正當(dāng)?shù)模┦侄?。Start clean-up as soon as possible, especially if flooding has occurred盡快開展衛(wèi)生清理工作，特別是發(fā)生過洪水的時(shí)候。A busy day-long living, as soon as lay down is resting忙了一天的活，一躺下就睡著了。注意：1、盡管他們很小，although they are small / small as they are 2、你所描述的這種人(Such people as you described) are rare nowadays. 3、This basket is 和那個(gè)一樣的大（as big as that one)。1. As the words begin to flow, the ideas will come out from the shadows and let themselves be captured（留存）on your notepad（筆記本）or your screen.（分析）as是連詞的作用，譯為“當(dāng)....時(shí)候”，引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句（譯文）當(dāng)文字開始傾瀉，觀點(diǎn)就會(huì)明朗，自己就會(huì)躍然紙上或是呈現(xiàn)在你的屏幕上。2. Most likely, you will believe that this will take more time than you actually have and you will end up staring blankly at the pages as the deadline draws near.（分析）as引導(dǎo)的是時(shí)間狀語從句，譯為“隨著.....”（譯文）很有可能，你會(huì)相信這比你實(shí)際用的時(shí)間要長，隨著最終期限的臨近，你就會(huì)以茫然地盯著紙這樣的方式而結(jié)束。It is… that … 形式主語，強(qiáng)調(diào)句型強(qiáng)調(diào)句型：無指代關(guān)系，也無實(shí)義，去掉后剩余的詞仍能單獨(dú)組成一個(gè)完整的句子。It is in 1998 that I came to Beijing.

形式主語：It is clear that I came to Beijing. 我來到北京這件事是顯而易見的。

It is known to everybody that as a major export country, China plays an important role in the world economic structure中國作為出口大國，在世界經(jīng)濟(jì)格局中占據(jù)著重要地位It is well-known to everybody that the earth goes around the sun地球圍繞著太陽轉(zhuǎn)是眾所周知的事實(shí)It is known to everybody that paper was invented by the Chinese眾所周知，紙是中國人發(fā)明的We know that the "universal heritage" in museum collections can be made known, transmitted and made available in visual terms to almost everybody in the world who is interested in it我們知道，通過“虛擬技術(shù)”博物館的文物可以被全世界感興趣的人們?yōu)g覽和傳播If you want your network closed, it is not difficult at all to make that fact known to everybody如果你想讓你的網(wǎng)絡(luò)關(guān)閉,它并不困難，每個(gè)人都知道這一事實(shí)。